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Students investigate the efficiency with which developing butterflies incorporate their food into their body mass. Painted lady larvae, representing a primary consumer, feed on a medium that represents a primary producer. Students track the amount of medium consumed over time by measuring the mass of a control cup and a cup containing larvae or chrysalises. Students then graph their data, analyze the results, and calculate efficiency. Kit provides materials for 15 student groups.

Product Details
Students investigate the efficiency with which developing painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui) incorporate their food into their body mass. In this lab, painted lady larvae, representing a primary consumer, feed on a growth medium that represents a primary producer. To track the amount of medium consumed over time, students daily measure and record the mass of a control cup and a cup containing the larvae or chrysalises. At the end of the experiment, students graph their data in multiple ways, analyze the results, and calculate efficiency. Kit provides materials for 15 groups of students. Note: Kit includes a voucher to request the perishable material later at your convenience. Contact Carolina or return the voucher to request delivery of perishables.

Unit Connection
This laboratory investigation correlates to Unit 1: The Living World: Ecosystems, topics 1.9: Trophic Levels and 1.10: Energy Flow and the 10% Rule in the AP® Environmental Science Course and Exam Description.

Standards Connection
This kit addresses the following AP® Environmental Science concepts:
Big Idea 1: Energy Transfer (ENG) Energy conversions underlie all ecological processes. Energy cannot be created; it must come from somewhere. As energy flows through systems, at each step, more of it becomes unusable.

• ENG-1 Energy can be converted from one form to another.
• ENG-1.B Explain how energy flows and matter cycles through trophic levels.
• ENG-1.B.3 In terrestrial and near-surface marine communities, energy flows from the sun to producers in the lowest trophic levels and then upward to higher trophic levels.
• ENG-1.C Determine how the energy decreases as it flows through ecosystems.
• ENG-1.C.1 The 10% rule approximates that in the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next, only about 10% of the energy is passed on.
• ENG-1.C.2 The loss of energy that occurs when energy moves from lower to higher trophic levels can be explained through the laws of thermodynamics.

Time Requirements
Teacher Preparation (before class):

• Prelab: 60 minutes
• Investigation: 60 minutes

• Prelab: 45 minutes
• Investigation: Day 1, 45 minutes; Daily Measurements and Observations, 5–10 minutes; Final Lab Day, 45 minutes
• Free-Response Questions: 60 minutes

Digital Resources
Includes 1-year access to digital resources that support instruction. Digital resources may include teacher manual and student guide, prelab activities and setup videos, simulations, and postlab analysis and assessments.

Prior Knowledge and Skills
Students should be familiar with the following skills or concepts:

• Accurately using a scale
• Graphing
• Trophic levels and energy transfer within ecosystems
• The construction and understanding of food chains and food webs

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